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Background: Around 2.6 billion people cook their food using biomass fuel (BMF), kerosene oil, and coal fuel, by which each year, 4 million people die prematurely from household air pollution or by this inefficient cooking practices. So, this study was planned to measure the effect of interventions of cooking fuel (BMF to LPG) to reduce the indoor air pollution in asthmatic children of rural India. Methods: Prospective observational study was done by door-to-door survey, among school-age children. Households of asthmatic children were encouraged to change their cooking fuel to more secure and were followed up for a period of 9 months. The intervention was in the form of a change of cooking fuel (from BMF to LPG) and proper education. The levels of indoor pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) were measured before and after 3 months of follow-up. Result: A total of 56 asthmatic children from 42 households were followed-up for the following 9 months at every 3 months visit. The mean age was 9.27 ± 3.94 years with an equivalent sex ratio. There was at least one smoker in 73.81% of households of asthmatic children. Nearly, 45% of children were living in 101–500 square yard area and 67.86% with the inhabitation of ? 3/room. The level of all particulate matter decreased significantly at 3 months (p < 0.05). At 3, 6, 9 months of follow-up, respiratory symptoms and morbidity significantly diminished. Conclusion: The change in cooking fuel to more secure was found to be one of the factors decreasing indoor pollutants and respiratory symptoms/morbidity among asthmatic children in rural areas.
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Resumo Introdução: Os produtos de tabaco aquecido (HTP) têm ganhado popularidade nos últimos anos. No entanto, tem-se questionado sobre os danos que provocam na saúde, em especial aos impactos decorrentes da exposição a suas emissões. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o impacto do uso de HTPs em ambientes internos/fechados na qualidade do ar e/ou na saúde das pessoas expostas passivamente, por meio de uma revisão sistemática de estudos originais. Métodos: Realizou-se busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e SCOPUS. As etapas de seleção, extração dos dados e avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos foi realizada em dupla, de forma independente, e as divergências foram resolvidas por consenso. Resultados: Foram selecionados 21 estudos, incluídos nesta revisão. Os resultados indicam que os produtos de tabaco aquecido são fonte de poluição ambiental decorrente da emissão de material particulado. Conclusão: Os produtos de tabaco aquecido produzem emissões que podem expor as pessoas às substâncias tóxicas emitidas no ambiente fechado, assim como outros produtos de tabaco.
Abstract Introduction: Heated tobacco products (HTP) have gained popularity in recent years. However, questions have been raised about the damage they cause to health, especially the impacts resulting from exposure to their emissions. This study aims to evaluate the impact of the use of HTPs indoors on air quality and/or the health of passively exposed people, through a systematic review of original studies. Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out in the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS) and SCOPUS databases. Results: 21 studies were selected and included in this review. The results indicate that heated tobacco products are a source of environmental pollution due to the emission of particulate matter. The stages of selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the studies were performed in pairs, independently, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Conclusion: Heated tobacco products produce emissions that can expose people to toxic substances emitted indoors, just like other tobacco products.
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Resumen La contaminación del aire interior es un problema de salud pública, ya que afecta a unos 2.600 millones de personas en todo el mundo que siguen cocinando con combustibles sólidos como la madera, los residuos de las cosechas, etc. Esta exposición aumenta el factor de riesgo de desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas. La población indígena es muy susceptible a estar expuesta a mezclas de contaminantes del humo de leña como los Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAPs) debido a los métodos tradicionales de cocción. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la exposición a HAPs por medio de 10 metabolitos hidroxilados en orina de la población indígena de la Huasteca Potosina, mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas; por otro lado, la salud renal y pulmonar fueron evaluadas con una prueba general de orina y la toxina urémica Indoxil sulfato, esta fue evaluada por medio cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento, y la función pulmonar con una espirometría. Los resultados indican la presencia de metabolitos hidroxilados en el 89,47% de las muestras de orina, los más frecuentes fueron el 1-OH-PIRENO, el 1,2-OH-NAFTALENO. El Indoxil sulfato se presentó en el 100% de las muestras y la media era de 193,4 ± 91,85 gg/L En cuanto a la salud pulmonar, los resultados indican que algunos sujetos presentan patrones respiratorios regulares e irregulares. Estos resultados indican que la población se encuentra expuesta de manera crónica a una mezcla de contaminantes en el aire que podría producir el desarrollo de daño en los pulmones y los riñones y aumentar el riesgo al desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas.
Abstract Interior air pollution is a public health concern, it affects about 2.6 billion people around the world who still cook using solid fuels such as wood, crop wastes, among others. This exposition increases the risk of the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The indigenous population is very susceptible to being exposed to mixtures of pollutants from the wood smoke such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to traditional methods of cooking, heating and waste burning. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the exposure to PAHs through the application of 10 hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PAHs) in the urine of the indigenous population from the Huasteca Potosina, this by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and to assess renal health of the population at the time of the study, with a general test of urine and through the uremic toxin Indoxyl Sulfate (IS), this by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the and pulmonary health with spirometry. The results indicate the presence OH-PAHs in 89.47% of the urine samples, the most frequent metabolites were 1-OH-PYRENE, 2-OH-NAPTHALENE. IS was present in 100% of the samples in mean concentrations of 193.4 ± 91.85 gg/L. For pulmonary health, the results indicate some subjects have regular and irregular respiratory patterns. These results indicate that the population is highly exposed to a mixture of pollutants in the air that might damage the lungs and kidneys and increase the risk of NCDs development.
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In recent years, the increasing incidence of perinatal depression has become an important public health problem. In addition to the traditional social demographic factors, biological factors, obstetric factors, etc., the association between air pollution and perinatal depression (PND) has also attracted more and more attention. In this paper, studies on the association between air pollution and PND were reviewed, especially the associations of PND with ambient air pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 as well as indoor air pollutants such as tobacco smoke, and the characteristics and possible biological mechanisms of the influence of different pollutants on PND were summarized. Based on the available studies, various outdoor air pollutants are associated with PND, and some pollutants may exhibit a dose-response relationship with it. As for indoor air pollution, studies only have focused on the impact of tobacco exposure on PND, and as yet, no study has explored the association between other indoor pollutants (e.g. cooking oil smoke and solid fuel) and PND. Current studies indicate that air pollution may act on PND through oxidative stress and neuroendocrine mechanisms, but the exact biological mechanism remains to be further studied. In the future, further studies should be encouraged on the epidemiological associations of other indoor air pollutants with PND and the interactions between other factors and air pollution on PND, and the underlying biological mechanisms, to provide new insights for the prevention of PND from the perspective of environmental health.
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Background Indoor air pollution is an important risk factor affecting health of the respiratory system. Studies on indoor air pollution in China are mostly limited to the central and eastern regions, and there are few studies in the rural areas of northwest China. Objective To explore the influencing factors of lung ventilation function and its relationship with indoor air pollution in rural areas of Gansu Province based on a cross-sectional investigation. Methods A total of 399 subjects were selected from four villages in Baiyin and Yuzhong of Gansu Province. Questionnaires were used to collect demographic information, lifestyle, disease history, fuel use, and other information, and physical and functional tests were ordered such as height, weight, and lung function. The Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) exposure index was calculated based on smoking, fuel type, and weekly ventilation. IAP > 5 was defined as a high level of indoor air pollution. Lung function indexes included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, forced vital capacity as a percentage of predicted value (FVC%), and forced expiratory volume in the first second as a percentage of predicted value (FEV1%), which were used to determine pulmonary ventilation dysfunction. Logistic regression model was used to evaluate the relationship between indoor air pollution and pulmonary ventilation function, and subgroup analysis was further conducted according to home address and BMI , in order to identify the high-risk population of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction. Results The mean age of the subjects was (56.75±7.31) years old; 155 subjects (38.85%) had normal pulmonary ventilation function, and the other 244 subjects (61.14%) had impaired pulmonary ventilation function; about 89.97% of the subjects were exposed to high level of indoor air pollution (IAP > 5). We found that IAP > 5 (OR=2.327, 95%CI: 1.089-4.974) and use of bituminous coal as the main heating fuel in winter (OR=3.467, 95%CI: 1.197-10.037) increased the risk of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction after adjusting for age, BMI, residence, gender, smoking, drinking, and cardiovascular disease. The subgroup analysis results showed that no ventilation in the living room/bedroom (OR=3.460, 95%CI: 1.116-10.268) increased the risk of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction in Baiyin. Heating with coal stoves and Chinese Kang in the bedroom (OR=2.092, 95%CI: 1.030-4.247) and cooking in the bedroom in winter ( OR =2.954, 95% CI : 1.046-8.344) also increased the risk of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction in the residents with BMI≤24 kg·m−2. IAP > 5 (OR=3.739, 95%CI: 1.147-12.182) was associated with a significantly increased risk of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction in the BMI > 24 kg·m−2 subgroup. Conclusion The pulmonary ventilation function of rural residents in Gansu is poor, which is negatively correlated with indoor air pollution. Coal use, overweight, cooking in bedroom, and use of coal stoves and Chinese Kang for heating may increase the risk of pulmonary ventilation dysfunction, while room ventilation is a beneficial factor.
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8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in human urine is a marker reflecting oxidative stress and DNA oxidative damage. People spend 80%-90% of their life indoors; therefore, indoor air quality is directly related to human health. In this paper, the urinary 8-OHdG levels were presented in populations grouped by different demographic characteristics, lifestyle, occupational exposure, and health status, and elucidated indoor pollutants affecting human urinary 8-OHdG level, such as pollutants from outdoor sources, smoking, indoor combustion and cooking fumes, the chemicals in interior decoration materials, and building foundation soils. The article aims to provide a theoretical basis for predicting the impact of indoor air pollution on human health (DNA oxidative damage and related diseases) by measuring the concentration of 8-OHdG in human urine.
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@#Introduction: ARI (Acute Respiratory Infection) is one of the main causes of death among children under five in many countries worldwide. In Indonesia, 10% of ARI cases occur in East Nusa Tenggara, which is the highest prevalence of ARI in this country, with 90% of them leading to under-five mortality. There are various factors that cause the prevalence of ARI. In East Nusa Tenggara itself, environmental factors are suspected to be the risk factors for this disease. This study aims to analyse the association between environmental factors and the incidence of ARI among children under five years old in East Nusa Tenggara. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by analysing secondary data sets obtained from DHS, with a total of 337 subjects examined in this study. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to investigate the association between ARI and various environmental factors. Results: This study found that the prevalence of ARI among children under five years old in East Nusa Tenggara was 9.04% of all subjects. ARI was significantly associated with the types of residence (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.1-4.3) and passive smoking status (OR 4.7, 95%CI 1.8-12.4) as its risk factors. In addition, there was strong association between ARI and the types of roof (OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.3-8.9) as its protective factor. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the incidence of ARI in children under five years old was closely associated with residential area, smoke exposure, and roof materials.
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Objective To investigate the indoor air quality in urban and rural areas in Xi'an, to analyze the relationship between indoor pollutants and living habits, and to study the impact of pollutants on health, so as to provide reference for improving indoor environment. Methods Through random cluster sampling, 29 families from rural areas and 53 families from urban areas were selected from Xi'an. Data was collected by questionnaire survey and on-site environmental sampling. Non-parametric test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results Overall, the values of CO, NO2, toluene and xylene in Xi'an were far lower than the national standards. The medians of CO2, PM2.5, PM10, and formaldehyde were 0.1%, 44.5 μg/m3, 51.5 μg/m3, and 34.5 μg/m3, respectively. The differences in the values of CO, NO2, formaldehyde, toluene and xylene in urban and rural areas were statistically significant (P2 were higher in families with humidifiers and potted plants (P2 were higher in families with pets (P10, CO, and NO2 were significantly correlated with children's sleep duration and colds (P<0.05). Conclusion The indoor air pollution in urban areas is higher than that in rural areas in Xi'an. It is suggested that residents should be cautious about the use of humidifiers, planting potted plants, and keeping pets, to reduce indoor air pollution and improve their health.
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BACKGROUND@#Tuberculosis (TB) and indoor air pollution (IAP) are equally critical public health issues in the developing world. Mongolia is experiencing the double burden of TB and IAP due to solid fuel combustion. However, no study has assessed the relationship between household solid fuel use and TB in Mongolia. The present study aimed to assess the association between household solid fuel use and TB based on data from the Mongolian National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey (MNTP Survey).@*METHOD@#The MNTP Survey was a nationally representative population-based cross-sectional survey targeting households in Mongolia from 2014 to 2015, with the aim of evaluating the prevalence of TB. The survey adopted a multistage cluster sampling design in accordance with the World Health Organization prevalence survey guidelines. Clusters with at least 500 residents were selected by random sampling. A sample size of 98 clusters with 54,100 participants was estimated to be required for the survey, and 41,450 participants were included in the final analysis of the present study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on environmental and individual factors related to TB. Physical examination, chest X-ray, and sputum examinations were also performed to diagnose TB.@*RESULTS@#The use of solid fuels for heating (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-2.1), male gender (aOR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.6-3.2), divorced or widowed (aOR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.7-3.8), daily smoker (aOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.3-2.5), contact with an active TB case (aOR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2-2.3), being underweight (aOR: 3.7; 95% CI: 2.4-5.7), and previous history of TB (aOR: 4.3; 95% CI: 3.0-6.1) were significantly associated with bacteriologically confirmed TB after adjusting for confounding variables.@*CONCLUSION@#The use of solid fuels for heating was significantly associated with active TB in Mongolian adults. Increased public awareness is needed on the use of household solid fuels, a source of IAP.
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects , Cooking , Cross-Sectional Studies , Heating/adverse effects , Mongolia/epidemiology , Prevalence , Tuberculosis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Background: Dependence on using biomass fuels for cooking and heating leads to Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) which can lead to adverse health outcomes. Aim of this study was to observe the housing and kitchen conditions in households of tribal areas, assess the knowledge of women regarding the IAP and perceived health effects due to it.Methods: Cross-sectional community- based study conducted in 100 women above the age of 18 years in a tribal village. A semi-structured questionnaire was used and spot observations were made. Chi-Square was used to calculate the association between type of stove, housing conditions and health effects of IAP. Logistic regression was used to identify determinants of the health effects of IAP.Results: The mean age of women was 29 years; all houses had a separate kitchen; 34% used mud stove with wood. Easy availability and economic reasons were cited for using wood. 47% of women thought IAP present in their homes and the most common source was cooking. Symptoms like asthma, sweating, burns/rash, and headache had a significantly higher association in women using mud stove (P<0.05) than LPG stove. A strong association was found between cooking hours and health effects due to IAP (P< 0.004).Conclusions: IAP due to cooking and unfavorable housing conditions are associated with health problems in women. Knowledge regarding IAP is poor. Reasons for reliance on using mud stove needs to be addressed.
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BACKGROUND@#The health hazards of indoor air pollution are well-established but studies of the health effects due to pollution from heating are rare. This study investigated the association of heating and disability for activities of daily living among Chinese middle-aged and elderly.@*METHODS@#We used two consecutive surveys in a cohort of over 17,000 adults aged 45 or older, who were interviewed first in 2011-2012 and then in 2013. In these surveys, taking advantage of random survey time, we applied a random effects logit regression model that included an interaction between pollution-producing heating fuel and a dummy variable, which measured interview time based on whether or not it was heating season.@*RESULTS@#Exposure to pollution-producing heating fuel was associated with a 39.9% (OR 1.399; 95%CI 1.227-1.594) and 71.0% (OR 1.710; 95%CI 1.523-1.920) increase in the likelihood of disability in activities of daily living (DADL) and disability in instrumental activities of daily living (DIADL), respectively. In heating season between year 2011 and 2013, moving from clean heating energy for heating to pollution-producing fuel was linked with an increase in the likelihoods having DADL and DIADL, with the OR of 2.014 (95%CI 1.126-3.600) and 1.956 (95%CI 1.186-3.226), respectively. However, disability increases due to change from clean energy to pollution-producing heating energy did not appear in advantaged education respondents.@*CONCLUSIONS@#We found that exposure to heating by burning of coal, wood, or crop residue was associated with disability in performing daily living activities. Health policymakers should take indoor pollution due to heating into consideration as it is a major determinant of activities of daily living in elderly people; especially, such policy should focus on elderly people who have disadvantaged education.
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Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Activities of Daily Living , Air Pollution, Indoor , China , Disabled Persons , Heating , Housing , Longitudinal StudiesABSTRACT
Background: Acute respiratory illness is responsible for 19% of all deaths in children in below five years of age and 8.2% of all disability as measured by DALY. Recent studies have added other risk factors to the list including large family size, poor socioeconomic status, family history of bronchitis, advanced birth order, crowding, young age, air pollution, and the use of non-allopathic treatment in early stages of illness. Also, indoor air pollution is one of the major risk factors for acute lower respiratory tract infection in children in developing countries. The objectives of this study were to identify and compare the risk factors associated with severe and very severe pneumonia.Methods: A prospective observational study. Children between 2 months to 5 years with clinical features of severe pneumonia were included in the study. Socioeconomic history like the type of house, family size, sanitary facilities and fuel-based cooking was recorded. Detailed history about immunization, feeding practice and degree of malnutrition was recorded. Chi Square test was used to determine significant differences between two groups.Results: Total 150 patients could be included in the study. Immunization status shows that 74% were completely immunized, 9% were unimmunized and 17% were partially immunized. Most of the children were breast fed 95.33% and only 4.67% were bottle fed. 30% of the cases were grade 3 and 4 PEM and anemic. The socioeconomic status showed 84% were belonged to grade 3,4 and 5 and 16% belonged to grade 1 and 2. 96.67% were living in ill ventilated kutcha house with poor sanitation facilities and nearly 94% were living in house with fuel other than LPG.Conclusions: Factors like previous history of similar illness, inappropriate immunization for age, anemia, PEM grade 3 and 4, poor housing condition, and indoor air pollution were significantly associated with severity of pneumonia. While severity of illness, PEM grade 3 and 4 and associated illness were the important risk factors for mortality.
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Hemoglobin is the protein molecule present in red blood cells that carries O from the lungs to the body tissues and returns CO from the 2 2 tissues back to the lungs. The red blood cells have the ability to concentrate hemoglobin in the cell fluid up to about 34 grams in each 100 ml of cells. Anemia refers to a reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood either due to reduced red blood cell count or decreased hemoglobin concentration. Anemia in women apart from many other causes is possibly due to the result of systemic inflammation which is probably because of the smoke of biomass fuels. To study correlation between hemoglobin levels and use of biomass fuel (wood) for cooking by females in rural areas of Lucknow district. The examination was done on the 44 females between 18 to 55 years of age and cooking food using biomass fuels for at least 5 years. Women who were pregnant, having history of bleeding disorders like hemophilia and Thalassaemia, history of tobacco intake, history of medications like steroids and history of hemorrhoids were excluded from the study. Examination of the blood sample for hemoglobin estimation was collected in the rural health training center (RHTC) of Era's Lucknow medical college and Hospital and hemoglobin estimation was done in the hospital lab services (HLS) Era's Lucknow medical college and hospital, which use fully analyzing method SYSMEX XS 8001for hemoglobin estimation . The correlation between biomass fuel (wood) smoke and hemoglobin levels was strongly positive and statistically highly significant (p= 0.004). The decrease in hemoglobin levels due to exposure to indoor air pollution resulting from the burning of biomass fuels in smoky fires for cooking have important implications for diagnosis of anemia.
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OBJECTIVES: Lung function impairment due to exposure to indoor air pollution of particulate matter size 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) is not well documented in Jakarta. METHODS: To assess whether there is an association between indoor PM2.5 concentration and lung function impairment among the adult population, a cross-sectional design was implemented. There were 109 adults selected aged between 20 years and 65 years from the Pulo Gadung industrial area, East Jakarta. Association and logistic regression analysis were implemented for statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: The average exposure to indoor PM2.5 was 308 μg/m3. There were 38.5% of participants that had lung function impairment. PM2.5 concentration was found to be associated with lung function impairment among the adult population living in Pulo Gadung industrial area after controlling for gender, duration of exposure, ventilation, smoking status, and humidity. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that PM2.5 concentrations in the Pulo Gadung industrial area may be the main contributor to the impairment of lung function for adults living in the surrounding residential area.
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Adult , Humans , Air Pollution, Indoor , Humidity , Logistic Models , Lung , Particulate Matter , Respiratory Function Tests , Smoke , Smoking , VentilationABSTRACT
Background: One's house is believed to be the safest and the healthiest place to live in. Indoor air pollution (IAP) means the presence of unwanted substances in the indoor air at concentration toxic to health. Objective: The objective of this study is to study the presence of IAP, its associated factors and impact on health of women residing in an urban slum of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study done from January 2017 to March 2017 among 120 households of a slum. Data were collected using a pre-designed pre-tested schedule from the homemaker of the households. All analyses were conducted with R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Results: About 60% households used kerosene as cooking fuel predominantly. Smoke from the neighbouring houses troubled 57.5% respondents. More than 60% houses were overcrowded and more than 70% houses were poorly ventilated. IAP-related symptoms such as irritation in the eye, suffocation, dry cough significantly correlated with the presence of IAP sources and its contributory factors. Of 120, 78 (65%) perceived the presence of IAP in their houses. Lower per capita income (PCI), ground floor, and joint family were found to have higher odds of sources of IAP. Younger age, lower PCI, and ground floor were found to be strongly associated with higher contributory factors of IAP. Conclusion: The present study found that the majority of the households were exposed to IAP due to kerosene, neighborhood smoke while overcrowding and ill-ventilation accentuated it. Effective intervention with intersectoral coordination is the need of the hour.
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Objective To describe the characteristics of cooking and heating fuel use in participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study.Methods The CKB study recruited 512 891 adults from 10 areas in China during 2004-2008.Information on cooking fuel and heating fuel was collected using a questionnaire in baseline survey.The proportions of various fuels used in different areas,in different populations,and at different time points were calculated and compared.Results Overall,52.1％ participants used solid fuel for cooking or heating.Rural areas had higher prevalence of solid fuel use than urban areas.The percentage of participants using solid fuel for cooking was 36.1％ (coal 20.1％,wood/charcoal 16.0％);The percentage of participants using solid fuel for heating was 36.7％ (coal 22.7％,wood/charcoal 14.0％).The prevalence of solid fuel use and the fuel type mainly used varied widely across 10 areas.The proportion of clean fuel use was lower in less-educated and lower-income people.Household coal and wood/charcoal use showed a declining trend,which was more remarkable in urban areas.Conclusion There are still a large number of rural residents and people with low income relying on solid fuel in China,which is a serious public health concern.
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Objective To analyze the status and distribution characteristics of household polluting fuel use in China.Methods The data were collected from the adults aged ≥40 years who were recruited through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling in 2014-2015 COPD surveillance conducted in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China.A total of 75 107 adults aged ≥40 years in 125 surveillance points were surveyed in face to face interview.Polluting fuels included biomass fuels (wood,dung,crop residues and charcoal),coal (including coal dust and lignite) and kerosene.The weighted percentage of family using polluting fuels,combustion method for cooking or heating and ventilation installation with 95％ CI were estimated by complex sampling design.Results According to the survey results from 75 075 adults,the percentage of family using polluting fuels for cooking or heating was 59.9％ (95％CI:54.2％-65.7％),the percentage in rural areas was significantly higher than that in urban areas (P＜0.001).As for different polluting fuels,the percentage of using only biomass fuels for cooking or heating was 25.9％ (95％CI:20.5％-31.3％),the percentage of using only coal (including kerosene) was 18.9％ (95％CI:13.2％-24.7％),and the percentage of using both biomass fuels and coal was 15.1％ (95％CI:10.8％-19.4％).Among seven geographic areas in China,the percentages of using biomass fuels ranged from 53.8％ in southern China to 23.0％ in northem China (P=0.039),the percentages of using coal (including kerosene) ranged from 59.5％ in northwestern China to 22.3％ in southern China (P=0.001).Among the families using polluting fuels,the percentages of mainly using traditional open fires and stoves were 21.3％ (95％CI:16.9％-25.8％)and 31.5％ (95％CI:25.8％-37.2％),respectively;the percentage of having ventilation installation was 72.7％ (95％CI:66.9％-78.5％).Conclusions Household polluting fuel use is common in China,but differs with area,traditional fuel combustion method is widely used,the coverage of ventilation installation need to be improved.In order to promote COPD prevention and control,it is necessary to develop strategies on fuels and fuel combustion method improvement to reduce indoor air pollution resulted from household fuel combustion.
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Objective To describe the characteristics of cooking and heating fuel use in participants from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study.Methods The CKB study recruited 512 891 adults from 10 areas in China during 2004-2008.Information on cooking fuel and heating fuel was collected using a questionnaire in baseline survey.The proportions of various fuels used in different areas,in different populations,and at different time points were calculated and compared.Results Overall,52.1％ participants used solid fuel for cooking or heating.Rural areas had higher prevalence of solid fuel use than urban areas.The percentage of participants using solid fuel for cooking was 36.1％ (coal 20.1％,wood/charcoal 16.0％);The percentage of participants using solid fuel for heating was 36.7％ (coal 22.7％,wood/charcoal 14.0％).The prevalence of solid fuel use and the fuel type mainly used varied widely across 10 areas.The proportion of clean fuel use was lower in less-educated and lower-income people.Household coal and wood/charcoal use showed a declining trend,which was more remarkable in urban areas.Conclusion There are still a large number of rural residents and people with low income relying on solid fuel in China,which is a serious public health concern.
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Objective To analyze the status and distribution characteristics of household polluting fuel use in China.Methods The data were collected from the adults aged ≥40 years who were recruited through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling in 2014-2015 COPD surveillance conducted in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China.A total of 75 107 adults aged ≥40 years in 125 surveillance points were surveyed in face to face interview.Polluting fuels included biomass fuels (wood,dung,crop residues and charcoal),coal (including coal dust and lignite) and kerosene.The weighted percentage of family using polluting fuels,combustion method for cooking or heating and ventilation installation with 95％ CI were estimated by complex sampling design.Results According to the survey results from 75 075 adults,the percentage of family using polluting fuels for cooking or heating was 59.9％ (95％CI:54.2％-65.7％),the percentage in rural areas was significantly higher than that in urban areas (P＜0.001).As for different polluting fuels,the percentage of using only biomass fuels for cooking or heating was 25.9％ (95％CI:20.5％-31.3％),the percentage of using only coal (including kerosene) was 18.9％ (95％CI:13.2％-24.7％),and the percentage of using both biomass fuels and coal was 15.1％ (95％CI:10.8％-19.4％).Among seven geographic areas in China,the percentages of using biomass fuels ranged from 53.8％ in southern China to 23.0％ in northem China (P=0.039),the percentages of using coal (including kerosene) ranged from 59.5％ in northwestern China to 22.3％ in southern China (P=0.001).Among the families using polluting fuels,the percentages of mainly using traditional open fires and stoves were 21.3％ (95％CI:16.9％-25.8％)and 31.5％ (95％CI:25.8％-37.2％),respectively;the percentage of having ventilation installation was 72.7％ (95％CI:66.9％-78.5％).Conclusions Household polluting fuel use is common in China,but differs with area,traditional fuel combustion method is widely used,the coverage of ventilation installation need to be improved.In order to promote COPD prevention and control,it is necessary to develop strategies on fuels and fuel combustion method improvement to reduce indoor air pollution resulted from household fuel combustion.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Background and objectives Occupational exposure to waste anesthetic gases in operating room without active scavenging system has been associated with adverse health effects. Thus, this study aimed to compare the trace concentrations of the inhalational anesthetics isoflurane and sevoflurane in operating room with and without central scavenging system. Method Waste concentrations of isoflurane and sevoflurane were measured by infrared analyzer at different locations (near the respiratory area of the assistant nurse and anesthesiologist and near the anesthesia station) and at two times (30 and 120 min after the start of surgery) in both operating room types. Results All isoflurane and sevoflurane concentrations in unscavenged operating room were higher than the US recommended limit (2 parts per million), regardless of the location and time evaluated. In scavenged operating room, the average concentrations of isoflurane were within the limit of exposure, except for the measurements near the anesthesia station, regardless of the measurement times. For sevoflurane, concentrations exceeded the limit value at all measurement locations and at both times. Conclusions The exposure to both anesthetics exceeded the international limit in unscavenged operating room. In scavenged operating room, the concentrations of sevoflurane, and to a lesser extent those of isoflurane, exceeded the recommended limit value. Thus, the operating room scavenging system analyzed in the present study decreased the anesthetic concentrations, although not to the internationally recommended values.
Resumo Justificativa e objetivos A exposição ocupacional aos resíduos de gases anestésicos em salas de operação (SO) sem sistema ativo de exaustão tem sido associada a efeitos adversos à saúde. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi comparar os resíduos dos anestésicos inalatórios isoflurano e sevoflurano em SO com e sem sistema de exaustão. Método Concentrações residuais de isoflurano e sevoflurano foram mensuradas por analisador infravermelho em diferentes locais (próximo à área respiratória do auxiliar de enfermagem e do anestesiologista e próximo à estação de anestesia) e em dois momentos (30 e 120 min após o início da cirurgia) em ambos os tipos de SO. Resultados Todas as concentrações de isoflurano e sevoflurano nas SO sem sistema de exaustão foram mais elevadas em relação ao valor limite recomendado pelos EUA (2 partes por milhão), independentemente do local e momento avaliados. Nas SO com sistema de exaustão, as concentrações médias de isoflurano ficaram dentro do limite de exposição, exceto para as mensurações próximas à estação de anestesia, independentemente dos momentos avaliados. Para o sevoflurano, as concentrações excederam o valor limite em todos locais de medição e nos dois momentos. Conclusões A exposição a ambos os anestésicos excedeu o limite internacional nas SO sem sistema de exaustão. Nas SO com sistema de exaustão, as concentrações de sevoflurano, e em menor extensão, as de isoflurano excederam o valor limite recomendado. Dessa forma, o sistema de exaustão das SO analisado no presente estudo diminuiu as concentrações dos anestésicos, embora não tenha reduzido a valores internacionalmente recomendados.